Conceptualizing how job involvement and organizational commitment affect turnover and absenteeism
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper presents one conceptualization of how job involvement and organizational commitment could in- teract to affect turnover and absenteeism.
The costs of turnover and absenteeism to organiza- tions are well-documented (Mirvis & Lawler, 1977; Steers & Rhodes, 1978; Wanous, 1980); such costs are one reason why much effort has gone into understan- ding the causes or antecedents of these variables. Des pite the differences between turnover and absenteeism as job behaviors (Porter & Steers, 1973), past research efforts overlap in identifying presumed antecedents of turnover and absenteeism. Work-related attitudes, es- pecially satisfaction facets, are commonly the focus in turnover and absenteeism research (Mobley, Griffeth, Hand, & Meglino, 1979; Steers & Rhodes, 1978). The inability of satisfaction facets alone to account for a high percentage (over 15 percent) of variance in turno- ver and absenteeism has led to other approaches. The se approaches inelude using withdrawal cognitions to predict turnover (Mobley, 1977), or focusing on other work-related attitudes such as job involvement and or ganizational commitment as independent predictors of turnover and absenteeism.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Allport, G. (1943) The ego in contemporary psycho- logy. Psychological Review, 50, 451-478.
Angle, H., & Perry, J. (1981) An empirical assess- ment of organizational commitment and organiza tional effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1-14.
Angle, H., & Perry, J. (1983) Organizational commit ment: Individual and organizational influences.
Work and Occupalions, 10, 123-146.
Arnold, H. J., & Feldman, D.C. (1982) A multivariate
analysis of the determinants of job turnover. Jour nal of Applied Psychology, 67, 350-360.
Bass, B. (1965) Organizational psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Becker, H. (1960) Notes on the concept of commit ment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-42.
Beehr, T., & Gupta, N. (1978) A note on the struc- ture of employee withdrawal. Organizational Beha vior and Human Performance, 21, 73-79.
Blau, G. (1985a) Relationship of extrinsic, intrinsic, and demographic predictors to various types of withdrawal behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 442-450.
Blau, G. (1985b) A múltiple study investigation of the dimensionality of job involvement.youma/ of Vaca- tional Behavior, 27, 19-36.
Blau, G. (in press) Job involvement and organiza tional commitment as interactive predictors of tar- diness and absen teeism. Joumal of Management.
Boal, K., & Cidambi, R. (1984) Attitudinal correlatos
of turnover and absentoeism: A meta analysis. Paper pre- sented at the meeting of the American Psychologi- cal Association, Toronto, Cañada.
Buchanan, B. (1974) Building organization commit ment: The socialization of managers in work orga- nizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 533- 546.
Chadwick-Jones, J. K., Brown, C.A., Nicholson, N., & Sheppard, C. (1971) Absence measures: Their relíability and stability in an industrial setting. Per- sonnel Psychology, 24, 463-470.
Cheloha, R., & Farr, J. (1980) Absenteeism, job in volvement, and job satisfaction in an organiza- tional setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 467- 473.
Clegg, C. (1983) Psychology of employee lateness, absence and turnover: A methodological critique and empirical study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 88-101.
Dalton, D., Todor, W., & Krackhardt, D. (1982) Tur nover overstated: The functional taxonomy. Aca- demy of Management Review, 7, 117-123.
Etzioni, A (1961) A comparative analysis of complex organizaiions. New York: Free Press.
Farris, G. (1971) A predictive study of turnover, Per- sonnel Psychology. 24, 311-328.
Fishbein, M. (1967) Attitude and the prediction of behavior. In M. Fishbein (Ed.), Attitude theory and measurement (pp. 477-492), New York: Wiley.
Fitzgibbons, D., & Moch, M. (1980) Employee ab senteeism: A multivariate analysis with replica- tion. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 26, 349-372.
French, J., & Kahn, R. (1962) A programmatic
approach to studying the industrial environment and mental health, Joumal of Social Issues, 18, 1-47.
Gouldner, A. (1958) Cosmopolitans and locáis: To- wards an analysis of latent social roles. Administra tive Science Quarterly, 2, 281-306.
Gurin, G., Veroff, J., & Feld, S. (1960) Americans view their mental health. New York: Basic Books.
Hackman, J. (1976) Group influences on individuáis. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1455-1526). Chicago: Rand McNally.
Hackman, R., & Lawler, E.E. III. (1971) Employee reactions to job characteristics. Joumal of Applied Psychology Monograph, 55, 259-286.
Hackman, R., & Oldham, G. (1976) Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Orga nizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250- 279.
Hall, D., Goodale, J., Rabinowitz, S., & Morgan, M. (1978) Effects of top-down departmental and job change upon perceived employee behavior and at- titudes: A natural field experíment. Joumal of Applied Psychology, 63, 62-72.
Hom, P., Katerberg, R., & Hulin, C. (1979) Compa rative examination of three approaches to the pre diction of turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 280-290.
Hammer, T., Landau, J., & Stern, R. (1981) Absente eism when workers have a voice: The case of employee ownership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 561-573.
Hrebiniak, L., & Alutto, J. (1972) Personal and role- related factors in the development of organiza
tional commitment. 17, 555-572. Quarterly,
Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F.L., &Jackson, G.B. (1982) Metaanalysis: Cummulating research across studies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Johns, G., & Nicholson, N. (1982) The meanings of absence: New strategies for theory and research. In B. M. Staw & L.L. Cummings (Eds.), .Research in organizational behavior (pp. 127-172). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Kanter, R. (1968) Commitment and social organiza tion: A study of commitment mechanisms in uto- pan communities. American Sociological Review, 33, 499-517.
Kanungo, R. (1982) Work alienation: An integrative approach. New York: Praeger.
Kartz, D., & Kahn, R. (1978) The social psychology of or- ganizations. New York: Wiley.
Landy, F., Vasey, J., & Smith, F. (1984) Methodolo gical problems and strategies in predicting absen ce. In P. Goodman, R. Atkin, & Associates (Eds.), Absentoeism (pp. 110-137). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lawler, E., & Hall, D. (1970) Relationship ofjob cha- racteristics to job involvement, satisfaction, and intrinsic motivación. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 305-312.
Lodahl, T., & Kejner, M. (1965) The definition and measurement ofjob involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 24-33.
Michaels, C., & Spector, P. (1982) Causes of emplo- yee turnover: A test of the Mobley, Griffeth,
Hand, and Meglino model. Journal of Applied Psy chology, 67, 53’59.
Mirvis, P., & Lawler, L. (1977) Measuring the finan cia! impace of employee attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 1-8.
Mobley, W. (1977) Intermedíate linkages in the rela tionship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 237-240.
Mobley, W. (1982) Some unanswered questions in turnover and withdrawal research. Academy of Ma~ nagement Review, 7, 111-116.
Mobley, W., Griffeth, R., Hand, H., & Meglino, R. (1979) Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 493-522.
tional research: The case of work commitment. Academy of Management Review. 8, 486-500.
Mowday, R., Steers, R., & Porter, L. (1979) The me asurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 79-94.
Porter, L. (1973) Organizational work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Ps
ychological Bulletin, 80, 151-176.
Porter, L., Crampón, W., & Smith, F. (1976) Organi zational commitment and managerial turnover: A longitudinal study. Organizational Behavior and Hu man Performance, 15, 87-98.
Porter, L., & Smith, F. (1970) The etiology of organi zational commitment. Unpublished paper, Univer- sity of California. Irvine.
Porter, L., Steers, R., Mowday, R., & Boulian, P. (1974) Organizational commitment, job satisfac tion, and turnover among psychiatric technicians.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.
Price, J.L. (1977) The study of turnover. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Rhodes, S., & Steers, R. (1981) Conventional versus worker owned organizations. Human Relations. 34,1013-1035.
Ritti, R., & Funkhouser, G. (1977) The ropes to skip and the ropes to know. Columbus, OH: Grid.
Rosse, J. G., & Miller, H. E. (1984) Relationship bet ween absenteeism and other employee behaviors. In P. Goodman, E. Atkin, & Associates (Eds.), Absenteeism (pp. 194-228). San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
Rousseau, D. (1977) Technological difíerences in job characteristics, employee satisfaction, and motiva- tion: A Synthesis of job design research and so- ciotechnical systems theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 19,18-42.
Soal, F. (1978) Job involvement: A multivariate approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 53-61.
Salancik, G. (1977) Commitment and the control of organizational behavior and belief. In B. Staw & G. Salancik (Edt.), New Directions in organizational behavior (pp. 1-21). Chicago: St. Clair Press.
Saunders, D. R. (1956) Moderator variables in pre- diction. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 16, 209-222.
Sheldon, M. (1971) Investments and involvements as mechanisms producing commitment to the organi- zation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 142-150.
Siegel, A., & Ruh, R. (1973) Job involvement, parti- cipation in decisión making, personal background, and job behavior. Organizational Behavior and Hu man Performance, 9, 318-329.
Steers, R. (1977) Antecedents and outeomes of or ganizational commitment. Administrative Science Quartely, 22, 46-56.
Steers, R., & Porter, L. (1983) Employee commit ment to organizations. In R. Steers & L. Porter (Eds.), Motivation and work behavior (pp. 218-230). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steers, R., & Rhodes, S. (1978) Major influences on employee attendance: A process model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 391-407.
Terborg, J. (1977) Validation and extensión of an in dividual difíerences model of work performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 18, 188-216.
Thompson, J. (1967) Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Wanous, J. (1980) Organizational entry: Recruitment, selec- tion, and socialization of newcomers. Reading. MA: Addison- Wcsley.
Weiner, Y., & Vardi, J. (1980) Relationships between job, organization, and carear commitments and
work outcomes—an integrative approach. Organiza tional Behavior and Human Performance, 26, 81-96